SQLALchemy操作MySQL关系型数据库
1.SQLALchemy使用
- 安装
pip install sqlalchemy;
- SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款开源软件,是PythonSQL工具包和对象关系映射器,它为应用程序开发人员提供了SQL的全部功能和灵活性
2.什么是ORM
ORM(Object Relational Mapper)就是把数据库表的行与相应的对象建立关联,互相转换;
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目前,最知名的Python ORM是SQLAlchemy和SQLobject;
3.数据库操作
-
创建表
使用
create_all()
方法, 删除表 使用drop_all()
方法,我们一起来看一下如何创建和删除表
# 导入引擎模块
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# 导入基类模块
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
# 导入字段类
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
# 导入会话模块
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
# 实体类的基类
Base = declarative_base()
# 实体类
class Teacher(Base):
'''
实体类的创建有两个方面的用处:
1:如果数据库中没有表,那么可以使用实体类创建
2:如果数据库中有表,实体类可以映射表的结构,对表的CRUD操作
'''
# 表名必须指定
__tablename__ = 'teacher'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(255))
age = Column(Integer)
# 打印实例的使用可以发现,数据也是保存在实体类实例的__dict__中
def __repr__(self):
# print(self.__dict__)
return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
__str__ = __repr__
# 创建连接引擎
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
connect_str = 'MySQL+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(connect_str, echo=True)
# 创建表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# 删除表
# Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
我们现在命令工具中查看一下数据库中有没有我们想要的teacher表,上一篇文章中讲过,先登录mysql:
mysql -uzengzeng -p123456
,然后进入我们要使用的数据库:
use XKD_Python_Course
,我们先通过:
show tables;
查看一下数据库中的表,发现没有teacher表
那现在就可以执行代码,创建数据库了,创建好后我们可以在命令行查看一下:
show tables;
,发现teacher表已经存在了,创建表成功yes!
想要删除刚刚创建的表,可以使用
drop_all()
方法,执行代码,再查看数据库表,就可以看teacher表已经被删除了
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
-
插入数据
使用
session.add_all()
方法;
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class Teacher(Base):
__tablename__ = 'teacher'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(255))
age = Column(Integer)
def __repr__(self):
# print(self.__dict__)
return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
__str__ = __repr__
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
connect_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(connect_str, echo=True)
# 创建会话,用于提交数据
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 创建多行行实例,给表添加数据
try:
lst = []
for i in range(10):
teacher = Teacher()
teacher.name = 'zengzeng' + str(i)
teacher.age = 20 + i
lst.append(teacher)
print(teacher)
# session.add(student) 可以添加一行记录,也可以添加多行记录
# 注意:这里将行记录实例添加到session,不会提交,需要手动提交
session.add_all(lst)
except Exception as e:
print('~~~~~~~~~~~'*200)
session.rollback()
print(e)
finally:
session.commit()
我们执行代码,然后去命令工具查看一下表是否插入数据:
select * from teacher;
-
查询操作
使用
session.query()
方法,迭代查询;
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class Teacher(Base):
__tablename__ = 'teacher'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(255))
age = Column(Integer)
def __repr__(self):
# print(self.__dict__)
return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
__str__ = __repr__
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
conn_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=False)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
teacher_obj = session.query(Teacher)
for teacher in teacher_obj:
print(teacher) # 返回结果:{'_sa_instance_state': , 'age': 20, 'name': 'nihao0', 'id': 1}
print('*'*300)
# 直接返回实例对象
teacher = session.query(Teacher).get(4)
print(teacher) # 返回结果:{'_sa_instance_state': , 'age': 23, 'name': 'nihao3', 'id': 4}
print(teacher.id) # 返回 aobama
print(teacher.name)
print(teacher.age)
print('*'*300)
# 返回的是可迭代对象
teacher_results = session.query(Teacher).filter(Teacher.id == 5)
for teacher in teacher_results: # 拿到student实例对象
print(teacher)
-
修改操作:
session.update()
;
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class Teacher(Base):
__tablename__ = 'teacher'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(255))
age = Column(Integer)
def __repr__(self):
# print(self.__dict__)
return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
__str__ = __repr__
# 创建连接引擎
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
conn_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=False)
# 创建会话,用于提交数据
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
teacher = session.query(Teacher).get(4)
teacher.name = 'Robby'
teacher.age = '99'
session.commit()
where条件查询
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, DATE, Enum, ForeignKey
import enum
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class My_Enum(enum.Enum):
M = 'M'
F = 'F'
# 实体类
class Emploee(Base):
'''
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| emp_no | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| birth_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| first_name | varchar(14) | NO | | NULL | |
| last_name | varchar(16) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | NO | | NULL | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
'''
__tablename__ = 'employees'
emp_no = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, nullable=False)
birth_date = Column(DATE, nullable=False)
first_name = Column(String(14), nullable=False)
last_name = Column(String(16),nullable=False)
gender = Column(Enum(My_Enum), nullable=False)
hire_date = Column(DATE, nullable=False)
def __repr__(self):
return "emp_no='%s', birth_date='%s', first_name='%s', last_name='%s', gender='%s', hire_date='%s'" % (self.emp_no, self.birth_date, self.first_name, self.last_name, self.gender, self.hire_date)
__str__ = __repr__
# 创建连接引擎
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
conn_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=False)
# 创建表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# 创建会话,用于提交数据
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# # 简单的where条件查询过滤, 返回可迭代对象, AND 取与
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.emp_no < 10010).filter(Emploee.gender == 'M')
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter((Emploee.emp_no > 10010) & (Emploee.gender == 'F'))
# OR 取并
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter((Emploee.emp_no > 10010) | (Emploee.gender == 'F'))
# NOT 取反
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(~(Emploee.emp_no > 10010))
# in
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.emp_no.in_([10010, 10011, 10012]))
# not in
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(~Emploee.emp_no.in_([10010, 10011, 10012]))
# like ,like可以忽略大小写进行模式匹配
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.last_name.like('B%'))
for emploee in emploees:
print(emploee)
order排序
-
asc()
:升序;
例如:
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.last_name.like('B%')).order_by(Emploee.emp_no.asc())
-
desc()
:降序;
例如:
emploees=session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.last_name.like('B%')).order_by(Emploee.emp_no.desc())
- 多字段排序:在语句里面进行多次排序;
聚合与分组
list()
:转化为列表;count()
:聚合count(*)查询;all()
: 转化为列表;limit().one()
:查询首行;emploees = session.query(Emploee) print(list(emploees)) # 转化为列表 print(emploees.count()) # 聚合count(*)查询 print(emploees.all()) # 转化为列表 print(emploees.limit(1).one()) # 查询首行
max()
:返回最大值;min()
:返回最小值;avg()
:返回平均值;emploees = session.query(func.max(Emploee.emp_no)) emploees = session.query(func.min(Emploee.emp_no)) emploees = session.query(func.avg(Emploee.emp_no))
group_by()
:分组查询;
emploees = session.query(func.count(Emploee.emp_no)).group_by(Emploee.gender)
print(emploees)
for emploee in emploees:
print(emploee)
参考: https://www.9xkd.com/user/plan-view.html?id=2415909403
新闻标题:SQLALchemy操作MySQL关系型数据库
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